Posts Tagged ‘Italien’

Tunesien: Die zweite Welle

Donnerstag, Mai 19th, 2011

“Die zweite Welle

Mit der Flucht Ben Alis setzte in Tunesien eine neue Dynamik sozialer Kämpfe ein

Von Helmut Dietrich

Mit der Verjagung von Ben Ali am 14. Januar hat die tunesische Revolution nicht geendet. Im gesamten Frühjahr 2011 verbreiteten sich neuartige Sozialbewegungen. Doch seit Anfang Mai werden Demonstrationen auch in Tunis mit Gewalt zerschlagen und JournalistInnen misshandelt. 629 Personen wurden zwischen dem 5. und 9. Mai von Polizei und Militär verhaftet – es gab Putschgerüchte. Seit dem 2. Mai gilt für den Großraum Tunis eine nächtliche Ausgangssperre.

Nach dem erfolgreichen tunesischen Aufstand, der Mitte Januar mit der Flucht des Autokraten Ben Ali seinen Höhepunkt erreichte, setzte eine neue Dynamik sozialer Kämpfe ein. Der Druck ging vom Landesinneren aus, das schon die revolutionäre Erhebung maßgeblich bestimmt hatte. Da die Wirtschaftsversprechen auf Arbeit und Einkommen nicht eingehalten wurden, ging die Bevölkerung von Sidi Bouzid, Kasserine, Thala, Gafsa, El Kef und vieler anderer Städte wieder auf die Straße und griff Rathäuser und Gouverneurssitze an. Ziel war zum einen die Verjagung der “kleinen Ben Alis”, der lokalen Statthalter und der Despoten vor Ort. Zum anderen richtete sich die Botschaft an Tunis.

Da aus der Hauptstadt keine entscheidenden Veränderungen kamen, brachen die Jugendlichen aus dem Landesinneren erneut nach Tunis auf – ganz wie in den Tagen vor der Flucht von Ben Ali. Eine Phase neuer Sit-Ins direkt vor dem Regierungssitz an der oberen Kasbah, der Altstadt von Tunis, begann. AnwohnerInnen unterstützten die angereisten Jugendlichen mit Decken und Essen. Der Regierungsvorplatz entwickelte sich zum berühmtesten Debattierplatz des Landes. MinisterInnen traten reihenweise zurück und die ersten beiden Übergangsregierungen fielen. Wer an der Erneuerung der Revolution maßgeblich teilhaben wollte, musste sich aus dem Milieu der eigenen Lokalkämpfe aufmachen und bei dem Kasbah-Sit-In mitdiskutieren. Immer wieder begann Polizei und Militär gegen die Bevölkerungen im Landesinneren und dann auch gegen die Sit-Ins in Tunis vorzugehen – immer wieder gab es Tote.

Betriebsinterne Kämpfe und Blockade vor der Werktoren

Von der internationalen Öffentlichkeit weitgehend unbemerkt, brach nach der Flucht Ben Alis eine unkoordinierte Streikwelle im gesamten Land aus. Die Belegschaften setzten oftmals auf dem Betriebsgelände die Chefs fest. Diese gehörten durchweg zum System Ben Ali, entweder als ParteifreundInnen oder als direkte FunktionsträgerInnen der kleptokratischen Wirtschaftsmacht. Ausländische FilialleiterInnen, die in das System eingebunden waren, hatten sich aus dem Staub gemacht. Mancherorts montierten die ArbeiterInnen auf dem Werksgelände brauchbare Maschinen ab. Nach zwei, drei Wochen Stillstand kamen die neubesetzten Unternehmensleitungen wieder aus der Deckung, boten generelle Lohnerhöhungen um ca. 20 Prozent an und versuchten, mit neuem Management die verlängerten Werkbänke Europas wieder in Stand zu setzen. Doch mit dem Neustart will es bis heute nicht so richtig klappen. Vor allem die Niedriglohnsektoren der Textil- und Lederverarbeitung verzeichnen tiefe Einbrüche.

Zu den betriebsinternen Kämpfen kommen die Blockaden an den Werktoren: Die umliegende Bevölkerung verlangt, dass Leute aus dem Umkreis eingestellt werden. Bekannt wurde die Lahmlegung von British Gas in Sfax: drinnen wurde gestreikt, von draußen blockierten die AnwohnerInnen und HafenarbeiterInnen die Zugänge, und die Versorgungslogistik ist zusammengebrochen.

An der südtunesischen Küste, wo der Schmuggel nach Libyen versiegt ist und von wo die jungen Leute nach Lampedusa aufbrechen, kam es im April zum Aufstand. In der Hafenstadt Zarzis hatte die Polizei Leute verhaftet, die den Aufbruch der Schiffe mitorganisiert haben sollen.

Die tunesische Bevölkerung stand im letzten Jahrzehnt mit Europa und vor allem mit dem Nachbarland Libyen in einem lebhaften, zuweilen halbklandestinen Mobilitätsaustausch. LibyerInnen aus der Mittelschicht kamen – in gleichem Umfang wie EuropäerInnen – nach Tunesien, um Urlaub zu machen, einzukaufen und sich in medizinische Behandlung zu begeben. Die libysche und tunesische Armutsbevölkerungen betrieben über die Grenze hinweg regen Kleinhandel. Der Schmuggel versorgte Tunesien mit zollfreien Elektrogeräten und Textilien aus der Türkei und aus China.

Als Gaddafi ab dem 21.2.11 seine Truppen in den Krieg gegen den Aufstand im eigenen Land schickte, begann die Flucht aus Libyen nach Südtunesien. Ein Report der Internationalen Organisation für Migration (IOM) zur libyschen Krise beziffert die libyschen Flüchtlinge in Tunesien auf knapp 150.00, die geflohenen DrittstaatlerInnen auf fast 178.000 und die rückgekehrten Tunesier auf über 36.000 – das sind zusammen 365.000 registrierte Geflohene. Vor allem die arme Bevölkerung der gesamten Südregion versorgt die Ankommenden mit Essen, organisiert die Unterkunft oder nimmt sie direkt bei sich auf.

Kurzum: Seit Frühjahr 2011 befindet sich Tunesien in einem einzigartigen sozialen Aufbruch. Die Demonstrationen, Sit-Ins, Streiks, Unternehmensblockaden, Emigrationen und die Aufnahme der Flüchtlinge aus Libyen haben eine Schicht von neuen AktivistInnen hervorgebracht. Seitens des US-amerikanischen Think-Tanks Foreign Policy hieß es bereits, dass sich in Nordafrika und Nahost eine aktive “arme Mittelklasse” herausgebildet hat, die die Aufstände und Umwälzungen trägt.

Marshall-Plänen und Maßhalteappellen

In der Tat gibt es unter ihnen viele arbeitslose HochschulabsolventInnen, und auch die Nutzung von Facebook spielt bekanntermaßen eine Rolle. Aber das Wort von der “armen Mittelklasse” trifft nicht den Kern: Denn die jungen Leute entwickeln keinen entsprechenden Habitus. Sie agieren nicht als autonome Individuen oder als Lifestyle-Szenen wie die linken Gruppierungen in den westlichen Industriestaaten, sondern sind auf widersprüchlich aber enge Art mit Familie, Nachbarschaft und Stadtteil verbunden. Sie sind von den Armutsstrukturen geprägt und wirken auf diese zurück.

Am ehesten könnte man von “organischen Intellektuellen” sprechen, die Antonio Gramsci vor 80 Jahren im italienischen Mezzogiorno ausmachte und charakterisierte. Im Unterschied zu damals sind die heutigen AktivistInnen mobil und sehen sich in einem tendenziell transnationalen Verbund, der durch keine Partei, keinen Verein und keinen einheitlichen ideologischen Diskurs strukturiert ist. Sie sprechen vor allem mit den und zu den Menschen in ihrer sozialen Umgebung. Ihr Thema ist Würde und Gerechtigkeit im Lande wie auch im Verhältnis zu Europa, und ihre Anklage richtet sich gegen die MachthaberInnen. Doch ein alternatives Regierungsprogramm haben sie nicht. Ihre Stärke ist, dass sie die soziale Kritik lebendig werden lassen und auch in Zukunft jede Regierung zu Fall bringen könnten.

Seit Ende April 2011 ist zu beobachten, wie die tunesische Revolution als “tunesische Krise” internationalisiert wird. IWF, G8, Wirtschaftsgruppen und Think-Tank vor allem aus den südwesteuropäischen EU-Staaten bieten der Übergangsregierung Rat und Tat an. Die NATO soll angefragt haben, ob sie in Südtunesien eine Basis eröffnen kann. Es sind dieselben internationalen Agenturen und Instanzen, die bis zur Flucht von Ben Ali ein kohärentes Diktaturenprogramm am Südrand der EU vertraten und nach Kräften förderten. Im Vergleich dazu nehmen sich die neuen Konzepte zur Eindämmung der Revolution widersprüchlich und bruchstückhaft aus. Die Empfehlungen reichen von wirtschaftsfreundlichen “Marshall-Plänen” bis zu Maßhalteappellen, da die Löhne schneller stiegen als die Produktivität – so Ahmed Masood, Direktor der Abteilung, die beim IWF für den nahen Osten und Nordafrika zuständig ist. Die EU-Kommission profiliert sich in ihrem Strategiepapier “On Migration” (4.5.11) mit ewiggestrigen Abschottungsparolen. Es wird deutlich, dass die Arabellion das gesamte südliche Gefüge der EU erschüttern wird und die “global player” keine schnelle und umfassende Antwort parat haben.

Ende April riefen die Jugendlichen aus Kasserine und dem Landesinneren zu einem neuen Dauerprotest vor dem Regierungssitz aus, zu einem sogenannten Kasbah-3-Sit-In. Zeitgleich besetzten TunesierInnen, die über Lampedusa nach Frankreich gekommen sind, ein Haus in Paris. Eine zweite Welle der tunesischen Revolution ist angekündigt. Unruhen, Aufstände und ein Anprangern der sozialen Missstände im Lande waren und sind zu erwarten. Am Abend des 4. Mai veröffentlichte Farhat Rajhi, Innenminister der ersten Übergangsregierung, auf Facebook ein Interview, das große Empörung auslöste und erste Antworten auf diese neue Revolutionsphase erkennen lassen. Halbwahrheiten und Bedrohungsszenarien werden in dem Interview miteinander vermengt: Es gebe in Tunesien in Wirklichkeit eine Schattenregierung des Ancien Regimes, in dem die Militärs aus der Küstenregion den Ton angeben. Von dort kommt die ehemalige Staatskaste.

Von den arabischen Revolutionen lernen

Der jetzige Premierminister Béji Caïd Essebsi sei am 15. März zu Sondierungen nach Algier gefahren, um sich der Unterstützung bei einem Militärputsch zu versichern. Falls die IslamistInnen – gemeint ist die Ennahda, vergleichbar der türkischen AKP des Regierungsschefs Erdogan – die anstehenden Wahlen zur Verfassungsversammlung am 14.7.11 gewinnt, würde die Armee putschen. Diese Kulisse ist in der Tat aus Algerien bekannt: Unter der Regie der Militärs stehen sich IslamistInnen und “aufgeklärte” ModernisierInnen unversöhnlich gegenüber – während sie hinterrücks auf das Beste zusammenarbeiten. Die Schein-Polarisierung überlagert die offenen sozialen Proteste und Aufstände; sie zwingt zu falscher Lagerbildung, denn auf beiden Seiten ziehen die Militärs die Fäden. Unabhängige Sozialbewegungen werden unterdrückt.

Am 5.5.11 waren in Tunis und zahlreichen anderen Städten Protestdemonstrationen angekündigt. Die aktuelle Übergangsregierung gilt als gescheitert. Sie hat keine flächendeckenden Sozialprogramme aufgelegt, ist nicht von sich aus gegen den Lokaldespotismus vorgegangen und hat die Ben-Ali-Clique nicht glaubhaft zur Rechenschaft gezogen. Lediglich die alte Regierungspartei Rassemblement Constitutionnel Démocratique (RCD) wurde am 9.3.11 verboten.

Zudem hat die Regierung nicht die politische Polizei wie verkündet zerschlagen. Sie kommt offensichtlich derzeit zum Einsatz. Die laufenden, täglichen Demonstrationen werden seit dem 5. Mai auch in Tunis mit Tränengas und Polizeiknüppel brutal auseinandergetrieben. Besondere Opfer der Polizeigewalt waren die JournalistInnen. 15 von ihnen wurden verletzt, vor allem durch Schläge auf den Kopf, ihre Ausrüstung zerstört oder beschlagnahmt, ein Journalist wurde sogar bis in seine Zeitungsredaktion verfolgt und dort zusammengeschlagen.

Nachts brachen in diesen Mai-Tagen in praktisch allen ärmeren Stadtteilen der Hauptstadt Unruhen aus. Es kam zu Plünderungen, zu Einbrüchen, zu organisierten großen Diebstählen an Straßenbarrikaden. Wer waren die Akteure? Soziale Wut hat sich aufgestaut, aber wahrscheinlich schickte die politische Polizei bezahlte Schläger in die Unruhen hinein. Der soziale Protest soll diskreditiert und desorientiert werden. Als lokale Ordnungsmacht empfahl sich die Ennahda, die gemäßigte Islamistenpartei.

Es ist überfällig, die soziale Revolution in Tunesien und den arabischen Ländern in Europa aktiv und offensiv aufzugreifen. Auf der Tagesordnung sollte schon heute die Aufhebung der Mittelmeer-Seeblockade von Frontex und NATO stehen. Sie sind für das Massensterben der Boat-People vor der tunesisch-libyschen Küste unmittelbar verantwortlich. Dinglich ist des Weiteren eine Kampagne für die Abschaffung der Schengen-Visapflicht rund ums Mittelmeer.

Von den arabischen Revolutionen können wir nur lernen. Solidarität tut not. Je mehr der revolutionäre Aufbruch als “regionaler Krisenherd” internationalisiert wird, desto mehr wird unser Beitrag gefragt sein, hier in den Metropolen. Ein enger Austausch ist im Entstehen. Im Sommer sollten wir nicht nach Teneriffa, sondern nach Tunis oder nach Kairo fahren. Und nach dem Sommer stehen dann hoffentlich globale Solidaritätskonferenzen zur arabischen Revolution an: In Tunis, Kairo, aber auch in Rom, Paris und Berlin!”

 

(Quelle: analyse & kritik.)

Siehe auch:

¡Indignaos! Indignez vous! Empört euch!
MANIFESTACIÓN EN MADRID DEMOCRACIA REAL YA TOMA LA CALLE 15-M

Libyen: Droht jetzt die Balkanisierung?

Samstag, Mai 14th, 2011

Balkanisation of Libya

By Simba Russeau

As the battle for Libya rages on – with the country’s economic heartland, Misurata, being the scene of some of the uprising’s fiercest fighting – experts are warning that a ‘Balkanisation’ of Libya is possible if the U.S. and NATO opt to exploit loopholes in U.N. Resolution 1973 by arming the opposition.

In the region, “Muammar Gaddafi was advocating for the African Union (AU) to be independent instead of being subservient to the EU and the U.S. by pushing for the African Development Bank (ADB) and replacing the Franc with an African currency,” Mahdi Darius Nazemroaya, research associate at the Centre for Research on Globalisation (CRG) specialising on the Middle East and Central Asia, told IPS. “Realistically, the Libyan intervention is an attack on the African continent by cutting its head off. They don’t just want to ‘Balkanise’ – fragment and divide – Libya, they want to ‘Balkanise’ the entire continent.”

“Now the west has rediscovered that Gaddafi is a dictator and a tyrant, they are prepared to take action against his regime, under U.N. Resolution 1973, which is primarily concerned with the protection of civilians. The irony is that NATO is now using EU weaponry to bomb some of the same weaponry it had sold to him earlier,” Kaye Stearman, media coordinator with the UK-based Campaign Against Arms Trade (CAAT) told IPS.

In response, former British ambassador to Libya, Richard Dalton told IPS that “NATO has no strategic interests in Libya or elsewhere beyond what is stated in the North Atlantic Treaty as amplified by publicly announced decisions of the NATO Council. Its concern in Libya is the implementation of UNSC 1973″.

“The EU wants to see stability, prosperity and good government in all its neighbours,” Dalton emphasised.

According to U.N. Resolution 1973, which authorised action to protect Libyan civilians, all member states must ensure strict implementation of the arms embargo established by paragraphs 9 and 10 of the previous Resolution 1970.

Geographically, Libya is a gateway from North to Central Africa and is positioned between Eastern and Western Africa. Human rights advocates warn that by arming opposition groups tribal conflict could spill outside of Libya’s borders. This would also be in direct violation of the U.N. mandate, they say.

“Some EU countries are also considering whether to supply arms to the anti-Gaddafi rebels, which could increase future instability. This can have unforeseen long-term consequences, which can bring great harm to societies and militate against peace building,” says Stearman.

One example of how this has played out in the past, Stearman explains, is the U.S. arming of “mujahedeen ‘freedom’ forces in Afghanistan in the 1980s and 1990s, which actively prolonged conflicts, led to the growth of armed extremists, including local and foreign Taliban forces, the proliferation of a warlord-based society and the thwarting of the growth of civil society. In addition, the same weaponry supplied by the U.S. was later used against U.S. and allied forces.”

During the Potsdam Conference in 1945 – at the end of the Second World War – the Soviet Union, Britain and the U.S. came to an impasse over the fate of seized Italian colonies in Libya. The U.S. wanted a U.N. trusteeship but the Soviet Union suggested various provincial trusteeships, with Tripolitania under its command, Fezzan under France, and Cyrenaica under Britain.

That history is repeating itself now with the U.S. and the EU not only looking to divide Libya under two administrations in Tripoli and Benghazi, but also to eliminate a key competitor that had visions of uniting Africa, Nazemroaya said.

Libya and China were rapidly becoming key energy partners as Beijing positioned itself to be the third- largest buyer of Libyan oil – with more than 50 investment projects in the works.

Analysts like ‘Asian Times’ reporter and author of ‘Obama does Globalistan’, Pepe Escobar point out that China has taken a serious hit with the recent unrest in North Africa. Its new contracts in Libya totalling 18 billion dollars have declined by nearly 53 percent – this was the aim of U.S. Africa Command (AFRICOM)’s strategic policy to minimise China’s economic interest in Africa.

AFRICOM, headquartered in Stuttgart, Germany, is responsible for U.S. military activities in 53 African nations.

The U.S. badly wanted a base in Africa and the Libyan intervention has “now provided the opening”, Escobar told IPS. “AFRICOM’s participation is the Pentagon’s strategy to counter Chinese investments in Africa.”

Escobar says that at the 2010 Lisbon Summit of leaders of NATO governments the agenda was “total domination of the Mediterranean and the establishment of a NATO ‘lake’… Gaddafi’s business dealings with China irked Brussels, Paris, London, and of course Washington”.

In recent days, Libya’s opposition claim to have gained an upper hand by seizing control of the besieged city of Misurata, whose strategic seaport has been a key lifeline for humanitarian aid missions evacuating migrants and refugees fleeing the violence.

However, Nazemroaya points out that Misurata – which could be likened to a Shanghai on the African continent – is an important industrial and trade base for Libya and Africa that would be a major economic prize should the opposition maintain control.

“Misurata is a very important industrial city and economic heartland. Qasr Ahmed, which is located 250 kilometres east of Tripoli, is a commercial port, and the main headquarters for the Libyan Iron and Steel Company (Lisco) that exports over 60 percent of its products with nearly 50 percent going to markets in Italy and Spain,” Nazemroaya said. “Furthermore, the Libyan National Oil Company – which is one of the top 20 energy companies worldwide – is also based there. Privatisation is happening under the guise of a foreign peacekeeping mission, which is why the EU wants to send soldiers.”

(END/2011)”

 

(Quelle: IPS News.)

BRD: Die GTZ und die Palmöl-Connection

Dienstag, Mai 10th, 2011

“Africa: Development Agencies Support Harmful Oil Palm Production

By Julio Godoy

Increasing industrial production of oil palm in sub-Saharan African countries, carried out by foreign corporations, is destroying the livelihoods of millions of Africans and the biodiversity of ecosystems. Despite this, industrialised countries’ governments and development agencies continue to promote such production.

African countries most affected are Nigeria, the Democratic Republic of Congo and Ghana. But palm oil fields and industrial facilities are located in at least the half of sub-Saharan African countries.

In the vast majority of cases, the industrial production of oil palm is in the hands of foreign corporations, such as the French Bolloré group, the Brazilian petroleum group Petrobras, the Italian company ENI and the Singapore-based Wilmar International. Most of the exploiters are European Union-based companies.

The industrial system of oil palm production in Africa “is based on monoculture plantations where the land only produces palm fruits for industry,” according to Ricardo Carrere, an expert in forest management at the World Rainforest Movement (WRM).

The WRM, with a secretariat in Montevideo, Uruguay, is an international organisation promoting local people’s land rights.

“In most if not all cases, land is taken away from local communities with little or no compensation, and bio-diverse ecosystems, mostly forests, are destroyed and substituted by large areas of palm monocultures,” says Carrere, author of “Oil palm in Africa: Past, present and future scenarios”, a report that the WRM published in 2010.

Carrere told IPS that all the foreign oil palm facilities in Africa are characterised by appalling working conditions. “During the colonial times, slavery and forced labour were the daily toll of Africans in such plantations. In the modern system, the conditions are near-slavery with low-paid labour.”

As an example, Carrere mentions the oil palm plantations and industrial facilities managed by the Bolloré group in Cameroon. “The living and working conditions there are abysmal,” he comments. “The living quarters are insalubrious; there is no regular access to water or electricity; and the temporary employees earn extremely low wages.”

According to Carrere and other researchers, hundreds of subcontracted workers toil in these plantations and facilities for six days a week, sometimes from six o’clock in the morning until six o’clock at night, with no social security coverage and earning around two dollars per day.

In his survey, Carrere compared modern, foreign-led industrial palm oil production with the traditional process. “The modern system is even worse than the old one. The new one is characterised by extensive drainage of the land and widespread use of agrochemicals, both impacting on local water resources.”

The recent expansion of the industrial plantations of palm oil has been mostly led by growing demand in industrialised countries for so called agro-fuels, falsely seen as an ecological alternative to fossil fuels.

But the local ecological impact of the palm oil production in sub-Saharan African countries is disastrous, according to numerous surveys. The case of the Bugala Island plantations in Lake Victoria in Uganda serves as another illustration.

According to a study by the Kalangala District Forum of nongovernmental organisations, the palm oil plantations there have increased pressure on central forest reserves, substantially contributed to the depletion of forest products, deforestation, soil erosion and the draining of wetlands.

Furthermore, these plantations have had negative socio-economic effects for the communities living on the islands. These consequences include the violation of land rights of indigenous people, the loss of land as a safety net and reduced access for local communities to resources.

The forum also underlines that the plantations have contributed to the sudden rise of the price of land and destroyed the community-based local economy.

Carrere raises alarm about the “crucial role” of national, regional and multilateral institutions in the promotion and development of foreign investments in the industrialisation of palm oil production in sub-Saharan Africa.

It is important to stress that such support has ignored all the accumulated evidence regarding the negative social and environmental impacts of large-scale plantations elsewhere in the developing world, Carrere says.

He stresses that these international efforts have “also ignored the social benefits of traditional sustainable practices in the production of palm oil. As a result, most support has been aimed at the development of the industrial model and practically none has been provided to the traditional system.”

Among the international financial and multilateral institutions allegedly involved in the promotion of the industrialisation of palm oil in Africa, Carrere mentions the African Development Bank, the African Investment Bank, the European Union through the European Development Fund, the European Investment Bank and the EU Partnership Dialogue Facility.

Other foreign state agencies alleged to be exacerbating the expansion of palm oil in Africa are the U.S. development agency USAid and the U.S. department of agriculture, Britain’s department for international development (Dfid), Finland’s FinnFund and Germany’s agency for technical cooperation, among others.

United Nations agencies are also implicated, such as the Food and Agricultural Organisation and the International Fund for Agricultural Development that have intervened in favour of the industrial production of palm oil in Africa.

The foreign oil palm plantations and facilities in Africa have generated legal conflicts in companies’ countries of origin. In France, for instance, the Bolloré group in 2010 brought legal challenges against two press reports on its activities in Cameroon.

The court in Paris ruled that the first report could not be considered defamatory. In the second case, no ruling was handed down, apparently because the Bolloré group decided to withdraw the charges two weeks before the trial was scheduled to take place.”

 

(Quelle: IPS News.)

Libyen: NATO-Schiff verweigert Flüchtlingen Hilfe – 61 starben

Montag, Mai 9th, 2011

Aircraft carrier left us to die, say migrants

Exclusive: Boat trying to reach Lampedusa was left to drift in Mediterranean for 16 days, despite alarm being raised

By Jack Shenker in Lampedusa

Refugees from Libya reach Lampedusa

Refugees from Libya reach Lampedusa. A warship failed to rescue a boat in trouble – leaving 61 people on board to die. Photograph: Francesco Malavolta/EPA


Dozens of African migrants were left to die in the Mediterranean after a number of European military units apparently ignored their cries for help, the Guardian has learned. Two of the nine survivors claim this included a Nato ship.

A boat carrying 72 passengers, including several women, young children and political refugees, ran into trouble in late March after leaving Tripoli for the Italian island of Lampedusa. Despite alarms being raised with the Italian coastguard and the boat making contact with a military helicopter and a warship, no rescue effort was attempted.

All but 11 of those on board died from thirst and hunger after their vessel was left to drift in open waters for 16 days. “Every morning we would wake up and find more bodies, which we would leave for 24 hours and then throw overboard,” said Abu Kurke, one of only nine survivors. “By the final days, we didn’t know ourselves … everyone was either praying, or dying.”

International maritime law compels all vessels, including military units, to answer distress calls from nearby boats and to offer help where possible. Refugee rights campaigners have demanded an investigation into the deaths, while the UNHCR, the UN’s refugee agency, has called for stricter co-operation among commercial and military vessels in the Mediterranean in an effort to save human lives.

“The Mediterranean cannot become the wild west,” said spokeswoman Laura Boldrini. “Those who do not rescue people at sea cannot remain unpunished.”

Her words were echoed by Father Moses Zerai, an Eritrean priest in Rome who runs the refugee rights organisation Habeshia, and who was one of the last people to be in communication with the migrant boat before the battery in its satellite phone ran out.

“There was an abdication of responsibility which led to the deaths of over 60 people, including children,” he claimed. “That constitutes a crime, and that crime cannot go unpunished just because the victims were African migrants and not tourists on a cruise liner.”

This year’s political turmoil and military conflict in north Africa have fuelled a sharp rise in the number of people attempting to reach Europe by sea, with up to 30,000 migrants believed to have made the journey across the Mediterranean over the past four months. Large numbers have died en route; last month more than 800 migrants of different nationalities who left on boats from Libya never made it to European shores and are presumed dead.

Underlining the dangers, on Sunday more than 400 migrants were involved in a dramatic rescue when their boat hit rocks on Lampedusa.

The pope, meanwhile, in an address to more than 300,000 worshippers, called on Italians to welcome immigrants fleeing to their shores.

The Guardian’s investigation into the case of the boat of 72 migrants which set sail from Tripoli on 25 March established that it carried 47 Ethiopians, seven Nigerians, seven Eritreans, six Ghanaians and five Sudanese migrants. Twenty were women and two were small children, one of whom was just one year old. The boat’s Ghanaian captain was aiming for the Italian island of Lampedusa, 180 miles north-west of the Libyan capital, but after 18 hours at sea the small vessel began running into trouble and losing fuel.

Using witness testimony from survivors and other individuals who were in contact with the passengers during its doomed voyage, the Guardian has pieced together what happened next. The account paints a harrowing picture of a group of desperate migrants condemned to death by a combination of bad luck, bureaucracy and the apparent indifference of European military forces who had the opportunity to attempt a rescue.

The migrants used the boat’s satellite phone to call Zerai in Rome, who in turn contacted the Italian coastguard. The boat’s location was narrowed down to about 60 miles off Tripoli, and coastguard officials assured Zerai that the alarm had been raised and all relevant authorities had been alerted to the situation.

Soon a military helicopter marked with the word “army” appeared above the boat. The pilots, who were wearing military uniforms, lowered bottles of water and packets of biscuits and gestured to passengers that they should hold their position until a rescue boat came to help. The helicopter flew off, but no rescue boat arrived.

No country has yet admitted sending the helicopter that made contact with the migrants. A spokesman for the Italian coastguard said: “We advised Malta that the vessel was heading towards their search and rescue zone, and we issued an alert telling vessels to look out for the boat, obliging them to attempt a rescue.” The Maltese authorities denied they had had any involvement with the boat.

After several hours of waiting, it became apparent to those on board that help was not on the way. The vessel had only 20 litres of fuel left, but the captain told passengers that Lampedusa was close enough for him to make it there unaided. It was a fatal mistake. By 27 March, the boat had lost its way, run out of fuel and was drifting with the currents.

“We’d finished the oil, we’d finished the food and water, we’d finished everything,” said Kurke, a 24-year-old migrant who was fleeing ethnic conflict in his homeland, the Oromia region of Ethiopia. “We were drifting in the sea, and the weather was very dangerous.” At some point on 29 or 30 March the boat was carried near to an aircraft carrier – so close that it would have been impossible to be missed. According to survivors, two jets took off from the ship and flew low over the boat while the migrants stood on deck holding the two starving babies aloft. But from that point on, no help was forthcoming. Unable to manoeuvre any closer to the aircraft carrier, the migrants’ boat drifted away. Shorn of supplies, fuel or means of contacting the outside world, they began succumbing one by one to thirst and starvation.

The Guardian has made extensive inquiries to ascertain the identity of the aircraft carrier, and has concluded that it is likely to have been the French ship Charles de Gaulle, which was operating in the Mediterranean on those dates.

French naval authorities initially denied the carrier was in the region at that time. After being shown news reports which indicated this was untrue, a spokesperson declined to comment.

A spokesman for Nato, which is co-ordinating military action in Libya, said it had not logged any distress signals from the boat and had no records of the incident. “Nato units are fully aware of their responsibilities with regard to the international maritime law regarding safety of life at sea,” said an official. “Nato ships will answer all distress calls at sea and always provide help when necessary. Saving lives is a priority for any Nato ships.”

For most of the migrants, the failure of the ship to mount any rescue attempt proved fatal. Over the next 10 days, almost everyone on board died. “We saved one bottle of water from the helicopter for the two babies, and kept feeding them even after their parents had passed,” said Kurke, who survived by drinking his own urine and eating two tubes of toothpaste. “But after two days, the babies passed too, because they were so small.”

On 10 April, the boat washed up on a beach near the Libyan town of Zlitan near Misrata. Of the 72 migrants who had embarked at Tripoli, only 11 were still alive, and one of those died almost immediately on reaching land. Another survivor died shortly afterwards in prison, after Gaddafi’s forces arrested the migrants and detained them for four days.


Lampedusa


The route of the boat

Despite the trauma of their last attempt, the migrants – who are hiding out in the house of an Ethiopian in the Libyan capital – are willing to tackle the Mediterranean again if it means reaching Europe and gaining asylum.

“These are people living an unimaginable existence, fleeing political, religious and ethnic persecution,” said Zerai. “We must have justice for them, for those that died alongside them, and for the families who have lost their loved ones.”

Additional reporting by John Hooper and Tom Kington in Rome, and Kim Willsher in Paris

• This article was amended on 9 May 2011. The original version referred throughout to a Nato ship. This has been changed to European units pending further clarification. The picture caption also used the wrong figure for the death toll. This has been corrected.

 

(Quelle: The Guardian.)

Afghanistan: Nirgends geht es Müttern schlechter

Montag, Mai 9th, 2011

“Norway Best Place to be a Mother, Afghanistan Worst

As Mother’s Day is observed today in North America, a new report by Save the Children finds that Norway is the best place to be a mother and Afghanistan the worst.

The United States, meanwhile, comes in at #31 among the 43 developed countries ranked.

The findings are contained in Save the Children’s 12th annual Mothers’ Index, which analyzes health, education and economic conditions for women and children in 164 countries.

Other countries that ended at the top of the list are: Australia, Iceland, Sweden and Denmark. Competing with Afghanistan for worst rankings are: Niger, Guinea-Bissau, Yemen, Chad, D.R Congo and Eritrea.

Explaining the last place ranking of Afghanistan, the report said: “It has the highest lifetime risk of maternal mortality and the lowest female life expectancy in the world. It also places second to last on skilled attendance at birth, under-5 mortality and gender disparity in primary education. Performance on most other indicators also places Afghanistan among the lowest-ranking countries in the world.”

With one of the most advanced health systems in the world, and a wealthy economy, the relatively low rank place of the United States may come as a surprise to some people. Save the Children explained that one of the key indicators used to calculate well-being for mothers is lifetime risk of maternal mortality.

Says the report: “The United States rate for maternal mortality is 1 in 2,100 – the highest of any industrialized nation.  In fact only three Tier I developed countries – Albania, the Russian Federation and Moldova – performed worst than the United States on this indicator.

A woman in the U.S. is more than seven times as likely as a woman in Italy or Ireland to die from pregnancy-related causes, and her risk of maternal death is 15-fold that of a woman in Greece.”

So what is the world to do to boost countries such as Afghanistan out of its lowest-ranking status? Save the Children suggests that governments and international agencies boost funding to improve education levels for women and girls, increase access to maternal and child health care and advance women’s economic opportunities. Current research and new studies on mothers’ and children’s well-being is also crucial. Finally, the US and other industrialized countries, governments and communities “need to work together to improve education and health care for disadvantaged mothers.” ‘

 

(Quelle: HUMNEWS.)

Libyen: Bischof von Tripolis bittet um Waffenruhe

Dienstag, Mai 3rd, 2011

“Tripoli bishop asks Italy and NATO forces for a truce out of respect for victims

Mgr Martinelli calls on warring nations to show some humanity towards the Libyan people and stop biases and falsehoods about Libya and Gaddafi. Yesterday, a son of the Libyan ruler was buried in a state funeral. The Italian embassy is sacked in Tripoli.

“Italy and NATO forces should organise a week-long truce out of respect for human life, families and Libya. It is an act of humanity and Libyans are sensitive to such deeds, despite the anger caused by the war,” Mgr Giovanni Innocenzo Martinelli, apostolic vicar to Tripoli, told AsiaNews. After the death of one of Gaddafi’s sons and three of his grandchildren, the prelate calls on all the nations at war against Libya to stop bombing and killing civilians.

“People are exhausted by the constant explosions and want an end to the hostilities,” he explained. “We must understand the pain caused by a bomb that destroys a house and takes lives.”

Saif Al-Arab Gaddafi was given a state funeral yesterday in Tripoli. The Libyan leader’s youngest son was killed on Saturday in a NATO airstrike against Bab al-Aziziya, Gaddafi’s private fortress.

The ceremony lasted four hours and brought together government officials, relatives and most of the people of the capital. Gaddafi himself was not present for security reasons.

Mgr Martinelli attended the funeral along with delegations representing religious communities present in the country. He slammed those who question the identity of the dead man, something that raises the anger and hatred of the Gaddafi’s family but also of the Libyan people.

“When they invited me to go to the funeral, I accepted because it was an act of compassion,” he said. “I saw the body of the young man; how can anyone say it was a farce.” Trading false accusations is terrible and is generating endless biases towards Libya and Gaddafi.

According to Mgr Martinelli, the Italian government, originally a great friend and backer of the Libyan leader, must change its policy and oppose the bombing. It must start a dialogue with the government to avoid an escalation of hatred and reprisals.

“How can we expect Gaddafi to stand idle,” he said. “It is obvious that he will react by sending thousands of immigrants to Italy because [foreign] governments refuse to talk to him.” (S.C.)”

 

(Quelle: AsiaNews.)

Siehe auch:

Bischof Martinelli aus Tripolis: „Bombenangriffe: eine Niederlage für die Menschlichkeit“